When Congress enacted the Education for All Handicapped Children Act in 1975, federal policy prohibited educational officials from making arbitrary decisions that often excluded students with disabilities from schools.
Read the full storyInclusion refers to the practice whereby students with disabilities are enrolled in general education classes and receive any needed special education services within that setting.
Read the full storyDuring the collective bargaining process, when parties fail to reach agreements about the terms and conditions of employment, either side can typically make it known that they have reached an impasse, signaling that they are unable to resolve their differences on their own.
Read the full storyImmunity, an affirmative defense to tort claims against governmental entities, is generally identified as being one of three types: sovereign, qualified, or absolute.
Read the full storyAt issue in Illinois ex rel. McCollum v. Board of Education (1948) was the constitutionality of released time for religious instruction in public schools.
Read the full storySexual harassment is unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature, prohibited by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as it applies to employees, and Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972, as it applies to students.
Read the full storyIn Hortonville Joint School District No. 1 v. Hortonville Education Association (1976), teachers sued their school board, alleging that it violated their due process rights when it fired them for striking in direct violation of Wisconsin state law.
Read the full storyAt issue in Honig v. Doe (1988), the U.S. Supreme Court’s first and only case on the topic, were the acceptable limits of disciplining students with disabilities under the (then) Education of the Handicapped Act (EHA), now the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA).
Read the full storyHomeschooling is the broad term used for describing the education of school-aged persons at home rather than in the public or private education systems.
Read the full storyEstimates suggest that as many as 760,000 Americans are homeless on any given night and up to 2 million experience homelessness each year, among them many children in need of an education.
Read the full storyA trial court’s ruling in Hobson v. Hansen (1967) raised legal questions about ability grouping but failed to stop the practice in its tracks.
Read the full storyState high school athletic associations are in most instances nonprofit organizations that act as governing bodies of athletic programs for junior and senior high schools.
Read the full storyThe term highly qualified teacher comes from the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, now known as the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) (2002).
Read the full storyHearsay testimony is secondhand evidence; in hearsay, witnesses talk not about what they know personally, but about what they have been told by other persons.
Read the full storyHearing officer is the generic term given to individuals who preside over administrative hearings. A hearing officer may also be called an “administrative law judge” in some jurisdictions.
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