The Eighth Amendment, enacted in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights, provides that “excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted” (U.S. Const., Amend. VIII).
Read the full storyAbility grouping refers to the organizing of elementary and secondary students into classrooms or courses for instruction according to actual or purported ability.
Read the full storyAt issue in the consolidated cases of Abington Township School District v. Schempp and Murray v. Curlett (1963)...
Read the full storyThe legal issue addressed in the 1977 Supreme Court case Abood v. Detroit Board of Education was whether agency shop clauses violate the constitutional rights of government employees...
Read the full storyThe concept of academic freedom, based on First Amendment freedom of speech, applies generally to all levels of education.
Read the full storyAcademic sanctions are penalties that school officials use to penalize students for poor academic performances.
Read the full storyAcceptable use policies (AUPs) are sets of rules, regulations, rights, and responsibilities adopted by school officials...
Read the full storyWhen addressing the topic of access to educational programs and facilities, two concepts are extremely important: equal access and viewpoint neutrality.
Read the full storyAdequate Yearly Progress (AYP) is a measure established under the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB, 2002) by which schools...
Read the full storyAffirmative action began as a broad set of activities brought forth by the civil rights movement beginning in the 1930s.
Read the full storyAmerican society is “graying” as health care improves and the baby boom generation approaches retirement age.
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