Samuel A. Alito, Jr.

Samuel A. Alito, Jr., is the 110th person appointed as justice on the U.S. Supreme Court, an honor that is the capstone of a distinguished career in public service.

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Alexander v. Choate

Alexander v. Choate (1985), even though it was not litigated in an educational context...

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Agostini v. Felton

The Supreme Court’s 1997 judgment in Agostini v. Felton essentially reversed the decision it had made 12 years earlier in Aguilar v. Felton (1985).

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Agency shop

An agency shop is defined as a place of employment where workers are required to pay union dues regardless of whether they are union members.

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Age discrimination in employment act

American society has grown older as the baby boom generation approaches retirement and health care improves.

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Age discrimination

American society is “graying” as health care improves and the baby boom generation approaches retirement age.

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Affirmative action

Affirmative action began as a broad set of activities brought forth by the civil rights movement beginning in the 1930s.

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Adequate yearly progress

Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) is a measure established under the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB, 2002) by which schools...

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Access to programs and facilities

When addressing the topic of access to educational programs and facilities, two concepts are extremely important: equal access and viewpoint neutrality.

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Acceptable Use Policies

Acceptable use policies (AUPs) are sets of rules, regulations, rights, and responsibilities adopted by school officials...

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Academic sanctions

Academic sanctions are penalties that school officials use to penalize students for poor academic performances.

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Academic freedom

The concept of academic freedom, based on First Amendment freedom of speech, applies generally to all levels of education.

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Abood v. Detroit Board of Education

The legal issue addressed in the 1977 Supreme Court case Abood v. Detroit Board of Education was whether agency shop clauses violate the constitutional rights of government employees...

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Abington Township School District v. Schempp and Murray v. Curlett

At issue in the consolidated cases of Abington Township School District v. Schempp and Murray v. Curlett (1963)...

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Ability grouping

Ability grouping refers to the organizing of elementary and secondary students into classrooms or courses for instruction according to actual or purported ability.

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